CompileIt! 2.0
Volume Number: 7
Issue Number: 9
Column Tag: Tools of the Trade
CompileIt! 2.0! 
By Dave Kelly, MacTutor Editorial Board
Most of you have seen Heizer Software’s CompileIt! 2.0 advertised. Let’s take a
look at CompileIt! and what it can do for you. HyperCard is an easy going environment
to work with. Because of that, HyperTalk has not been a favored language of developers.
As you’ll see here, CompileIt! 2.0 overcomes nearly all of the objections to using
HyperTalk as a serious development environment.
Objection #1: HyperTalk is too slow. You pay a price for convenience and ease of
use. HyperTalk 1.2.x is an interpreted language. When messages are caught by a
handler, the words in the handler script are turned into tokens that are interpreted by
HyperCard. In HyperTalk 2.0, the handler scripts are turned into tokens and then
compiled into machine language. Thus HyperCard 2.0 is faster once the handler scripts
are compiled (memory permitting though since compiled handlers are purged to make
room for new ones). Still, most of us don’t think that this is enough. With CompileIt!
2.0 you can boost the speed of most if not all of your handlers.
Objection #2: You can’t create a stand-alone application with HyperCard.
CompileIt! doesn’t provide a solution for this problem, but there are other products
appearing in the market that claim they can do this such as SuperCard which can save
projects as stand-alone applications. Unless you are really short on disk space, you
shouldn’t care about this that much anyway since nearly everyone has HyperCard.
Objection #3: HyperTalk doesn’t have complete access to the Macintosh ROMs.
XCMDs and XFCNs provide support for virtually any ROM routine. This excuse is
usually used by people that can’t or won’t program in C or Pascal. Creating externals
with CompileIt! from your scripts is as easy as writing them in HyperTalk. Extensions
added by CompileIt! make toolbox support much easier.
Objection #4: Protection of sensitive program code is difficult in HyperCard.
Even though you can protect a stack, there are ways to break that protection. Compiled
code doesn’t allow users to readily view the source code. With CompileIt! you can
protect your valuable work by compiling sensitive code.
CompileIt! was designed to:
° Speed up HyperCard scripts
° translate HyperTalk scripts into 68000 machine language resulting in XCMDs
and XFCNs that can be used by any HyperCard script.
° provide extensions to HyperTalk
USING CompileIt!
Although using CompileIt! comes fairly easy, it is highly recommended that you
are experienced with HyperTalk scripts. You should be familiar with handlers,
messages, and properties before using CompileIt!.
It’s very tempting to just paste in a script and begin compiling. The CompileIt!
2.0 program consists of a HyperCard stack that allows you to paste your script from the
clipboard and then compile. It’s very interesting to note that CompileIt! 2.0 is much
faster than earlier versions of CompileIt! That’s because CompileIt! 2.0 has been
compiled with CompileIt! The compiling engine consists entirely of resources and only
a single line of code that ties the HyperCard interface to the engine. This means that
CompileIt! 2.0 can be totally customized to fit the developers needs - even going as far
as creating a stand-alone application to hold it or moving it into other environments
like Microphone II v3. All that is required to use the engine is a subset of the
HyperCard 1.x XCMD interface.
Before using CompileIt! there are a few things that should be understood about
the way CompileIt! works. The first part of CompileIt!’s 200 page manual helps you
get started with a sample script. Experienced HyperTalk scripters will be able to get
started quickly by going through about 7-10 pages of CompileIt! basics. Not every
script can be made to run faster by compiling. Scripts that deal with HyperCard
structures (that is menus, buttons, fields, cards, etc.) will not go much faster. They
must still pass messages to HyperCard routines that still run the same speed. Get, Put,
all forms of Repeat, Next (repeat), all forms of If-Then-Else, Abs, Add, Atan, Average,
CharToNum, Cos, Delete, Divide, Exit, Exp, Exp1, Global, Length, Ln, Ln1, Log2, Min,
Max, Multiply, Number(chunks), NumToChar, Offset, Param, Params, ParamCount,
Pass, Random, Result, Return, Round, Sin, Sqrt, Subtract, Tan, Trunc, HyperTalk
operators: Div, Mod, +, -, *, &, &&, ≥, ≤, =, ≠, <, >, And, Or, Not, Is Not, Is, /, ^,
Constants, Ordinals, and Toolbox calls will all run faster after compiled with CompileIt!
You may need to optimize existing scripts to be sure that they don’t use too many
callbacks to HyperCard. For example, the statement put x into y in the script below
will make the routine run faster than if x was used throughout the script instead of y.
Otherwise, the compiler would have to generate code to convert the string variable x
each time it is used. Instead, the conversion from string x to local variable y is done
only once. It is helpful to keep in mind that HyperTalk does a lot of conversion for you.
By minimizing the amount of conversion that has to be done, the routine can run faster.
Unlike HyperCard, where all variables are strings, variables can be declared at the
start of a compiled handler. CompileIt! allows many more data types to be declared than
are available in HyperCard. Short integers, long integers, Pointers, Handles,
P-Strings (including short P-Strings), 0-terminated strings (call these HyperCard
strings), OSTypes, Boolean, Character, Floating point (12-byte SANE values), and
Records (default is 32 bytes but user can specify any size).
--1
-- calculate (y)
-- by subtracting odd numbers
function squarroot x
put x into y
put 0 into ans
put 1 into oddint
repeat while y≥0
subtract oddint from y
add 1 to ans
add 2 to oddint
end repeat
return ans-1
end squarroot
Normally, Apple’s SANE routines will be used to perform all of CompileIt!’s
calculations, although SANE can be turned off to force some variables to integer type.
Several techniques can be used to tell CompileIt! that a particular value is floating point
- putting 0.0 into a variable to initialize it, adding ^1 after the variable, or declaring it
as floating point using shared variables. The manual discusses the pros and cons of
using SANE vs. integer math.
Except for the routines specifically marked as “NOT IN ROM” in Inside
Macintosh, all procedures and functions are included from Inside Macintosh vol. I-V.
Also, selected “NOT IN ROM” routines are included such as the High-Level file manager
and Print Manager (NOT IN ROM routines are included based on user demand). Many of
the record structures and low-memory globals are also included. Many (but not all) of
the Inside Mac VI routines and record structures are also included. CompileIt!’s Custom
Symbol Edit card allows users to add additional record structures, low-memory
globals, user defined constants, direct calls to other external commands (avoids a slow
text callback), and other symbols on their own. Using these calls requires you to
convert Inside Macintosh Pascal notation to HyperTalk/CompileIt notation. For
example, a common procedure from Inside Macintosh would be: Procedure DrawString
(S: Str255); the HyperTalk/CompileIt! equivalent would be: DrawString anystring.
You’ll also have to setup record structures to match those in Inside Macintosh.
Fortunately, CompileIt! supplies the property names for many of the common types
used in Inside Macintosh. If you are not an experienced programmer, it will take some
study of the CompileIt! manual sections on programming with the toolbox. Experienced
programmers won’t have any trouble with it.
The process of compiling a script begins by copying your script into the
clipboard. Open CompileIt! and click on the Enter New Script button. Select the
destination stack where CompileIt! will put the external code. CompileIt! will use the
name of the handler of the script. That is, if the script started with on mouseup then
the name of the external would be mouseup and it would respond to a mouseup message.
When you click on the CompileIt! button, the compile begins. It is highly recommended
that users not use system messages as XCMD or XFCN names since they tend to get
executed when users least expect them too. Better to use On Foo or some such. Also, the
word ‘On’ results in an XCMD while the word Function results in an XFCN.
An equally great part of the CompileIt! XCMD Development System is the DebugIt!
source level debugger. When you compile a script with DebugIt! turned on, debugging
code is added to your external function. When you execute your compiled external, the
DebugIt! window will open and execution will halt before the first line is executed. Now
you can set breakpoints, view variables, and single step through the external. This
gives you as much flexibility in debugging your external as you could ask for. You may
find it interesting that DebugIt! is not tied to HyperCard. Externals with DebugIt!
attached can be run in just about any environment that supports even a limited subset
of the HyperCard 1.x XCMD interface (FoxBase, Microphone II v3, XLINK, and
SuperCard are all good examples).
CompileIt! can be used to create xWindoids (external windows) for HyperCard
2.0. CompileIt! simplifies the code you need to write to support an xWindoid by
treating events like system messages. HyperCard automatically tells xWindoids about
various system events that apply to them such as mouseDowns, updates, menubar
clicks, etc. xWindoids are a new feature of HyperCard 2.0.
CompileIt! also works with SuperCard 1.5. Since CompileIt! is shipped as
HyperCard 1.2 format, SuperCard users will need to convert to SuperCard format. An
appendix in the CompileIt! manual spells out what to do and what to be aware of when
using SuperCard and CompileIt!
There are several reasons to go with CompileIt! The price is right at $99, and
there are no fees for distribution of your compiled externals. The compile process is a
snap, but you should have a good knowledge of HyperTalk. CompileIt! is a great way to
speed up and protect sensitive scripts.
CompileIt! 2.0 is distributed exclusively by:
Heizer Software
P. O. Box 232019
Pleasant Hill, CA. 94523
Phone: 800--888-7667 or 415-943-7667
FAX 415-943-6882
Price: $99 (working model: $10.00 compiles scripts up to 10 lines long. The
Working Model includes a $10 rebate towards the purchase of CompileIt! 2.0).
Requires: Any Macintosh that can run HyperCard. Supports all versions of
HyperCard, including 2.0, and SuperCard 1.5. A moderate level of programming ability
is required.
Not copy protected and no runtime fees or licenses are required to distribute
externals created with CompileIt!
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